The exact cause of male breast cancer remains unclear, but several risk factors have been identified, including advanced age, family history of breast cancer, and environmental or physiological influences. A significant risk factor for MBC is having a first-degree relative with breast cancer, which increases the risk two- to threefold.
Male breast cancer presents unique pathogenic factors, with genetic mutations playing a key role in its development. (Photo credit: Getty)
New Delhi: Male breast cancer (MBC), although rare, is increasingly being recognized as a distinct condition that differs in many ways from female breast cancer (FBC). MBC accounts for only about 1% of all breast cancer cases and roughly 0.5% of all cancer diagnoses in men. Despite its low incidence, concerns have grown due to a rising trend in MBC cases over the past few decades. Studies indicate that the biology and genetic makeup of male and female breast cancers are likely not identical, underscoring the importance of understanding the unique aspects of MBC.
In an interaction with News9Live, Dr. Aparna Ganapathy, Director – Population Genomics, spoke about the incidence of breast cancer in men, and the challenges involved with diagnosis.
The exact cause of MBC remains unclear, but several risk factors have been identified, including advanced age, family history of breast cancer, and environmental or physiological influences. A significant risk factor for MBC is having a first-degree relative with breast cancer, which increases the risk two- to threefold. Genetic predisposition plays a crucial role, especially among younger men, making genetic risks essential to both diagnosing and treating MBC.
Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are the most well-established genetic risk factors for MBC. BRCA2 mutations are particularly prevalent in men with breast cancer and confer a higher risk compared to BRCA1 mutations. Although it is uncommon for men to carry BRCA mutations, those with BRCA2 mutations have an estimated 6% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, while BRCA1 mutations carry about a 4% risk.
While BRCA mutations are the most studied, recent research has pointed to other genetic factors that may predispose men to breast cancer. Mutations in the PALB2, CHEK2, and ATM, genes have also been implicated as potential contributors to MBC risk.
Identifying these genetic mutations has significant implications for both prevention and treatment. Genetic testing, through multi-gene panels, can help assess the risk for MBC and related cancers, such as prostate or pancreatic cancer. These tests allow healthcare providers to better understand a patient’s genetic profile and tailor preventive strategies or treatments accordingly.
Furthermore, genetic counseling is an essential component of the diagnostic process for men with breast cancer. By incorporating risk assessments, appropriate genetic testing, and a personalised cancer prevention program, genetic counseling can offer valuable insights for patients and their at-risk relatives.
In conclusion, MBC presents unique pathogenic factors, with genetic mutations playing a key role in its development. Despite advances in understanding MBC, challenges remain, including the lack of widespread screening and education, as well as a tendency for men to delay seeking care. However, with more comprehensive genetic counseling and testing, men at higher risk can be identified earlier, enabling targeted screening and preventive measures. As knowledge about the genetics of male breast cancer continues to evolve, future gene panels may offer more tailored approaches to the diagnosis and care of MBC.
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